The first battles of the war were fought in Texas: the Siege of Fort Texas, Battle of Palo Alto and Battle of Resaca de la Palma. Texas.gov may redirect the message to a specific state agency or local government if Texas.gov staff believes that the state agency or local government may be more qualified to respond. “That galvanized the Spaniards, [who said], ‘There might not be anything there, but damned if we’re going to let the French have it,’” McCaslin said. [379][380], Both the American Heart Association and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center call Dallas home. [405], The first railroad to operate in Texas was the Buffalo Bayou, Brazos and Colorado Railway, opening in August 1853. [266] According to the Tax Foundation, Texans' state and local tax burdens rank among the lowest in the nation, 7th lowest nationally; state and local taxes cost $3,580 per capita, or 8.4 percent of resident incomes. The independent auditor for Texas State Government. Florida. Except for some municipal benches, partisan elections select judges at all levels of the judiciary; the governor fills vacancies by appointment. It ranks as the largest airline in the United States by number of passengers carried domestically per year and the largest airline in the world by number of passengers carried. In the early 20th century, the legislature passed bills to impose poll taxes, followed by white primaries; these measures effectively disfranchised most blacks, poor whites and Mexican Americans. Hidalgo County, as of 2011, has the largest number of colonias. [52] The Comanche signed a treaty with Spain in 1785[53] and later helped to defeat the Lipan Apache and Karankawa tribes. [408], Since 1911, Texas has led the nation in length of railroad miles within the state. Purchase a pass online. [428] Additionally, several factions of the party briefly split during the 1930s and 1940s. [160], The size and unique history of Texas make its regional affiliation debatable; it can be fairly considered a Southern or a Southwestern state, or both. [121], On November 22, 1963, President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas. [336] The TEA has no authority over private or home school activities. [175], Maximum temperatures in the summer months average from the 80s °F (26 °C) in the mountains of West Texas and on Galveston Island to around 100 °F (38 °C) in the Rio Grande Valley, but most areas of Texas see consistent summer high temperatures in the 90 °F (32 °C) range. [20], During Spanish colonial rule, in the 18th century, the area was known as Nuevas Filipinas ("New Philippines") and [48], Hostile native tribes and distance from nearby Spanish colonies discouraged settlers from moving to the area. In return, for US$18,250,000, Mexico gave the U.S. undisputed control of Texas, ceded the Mexican Cession in 1848, most of which today is called the American Southwest, and Texas's borders were established at the Rio Grande. “This was common throughout the South,” said Saka. Fearing retribution of other native peoples, Indian Agents all over the eastern U.S. began desperately trying to convince all their native peoples to uproot and move west. [281] The Port Arthur Refinery in Southeast Texas is the largest refinery in the U.S.[281] Texas also leads in natural gas production, producing one-fourth of the nation's supply. The continental crust forms a stable Mesoproterozoic craton which changes across a broad continental margin and transitional crust into true oceanic crust of the Gulf of Mexico. [112][113] In the 1890s, 100,000 blacks voted in the state; by 1906, only 5,000 could vote. [401] Ports employ nearly one-million people and handle an average of 317 million metric tons. [366] The 2008 Men's Health obesity survey ranked four Texas cities among the top 25 fattest cities in America; Houston ranked 6th, Dallas 7th, El Paso 8th, and Arlington 14th. These were:[26]. [274], Texas leads the nation in the production of cattle, horses, sheep, goats, wool, mohair and hay. Following the Texas Revolution, the Texans chose to make peace with their Native peoples but did not honor former land claims or agreements. The Panhandle of the state has colder winters than North Texas, while the Gulf Coast has mild winters. As with some other states before, the lumber industry quickly expanded in Texas and was its largest industry before the beginning of the 20th century. [168], Texas plays host to several species of wasps, including an abundance of Polistes exclamans,[169] and is an important ground for the study of Polistes annularis. The state experiences the most tornadoes in the United States, an average of 139 a year. Learn more about Teaching, Learning, and Working Remotely at TXST. [374], The Texas Medical Center in Houston, holds the world's largest concentration of research and healthcare institutions, with 47 member institutions. The Mississippian and Pennsylvanian sediments in the north; Permian sediments in the west; and Cretaceous sediments in the east, along the Gulf coast and out on the Texas continental shelf contain oil. Advisors for every major and academic college. [42], European powers ignored the area until accidentally settling there in 1685. The two expected to emerge first are the University of Houston and Texas Tech University, likely in that order according to discussions on the House floor of the 82nd Texas Legislature. [310], Mexico, the state's largest trading partner, imports a third of the state's exports because of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). When the Spanish briefly managed to conquer the Louisiana colony, they decided to switch tactics and attempt being exceedingly friendly to the Indians, which they continued even after the French took back the colony. It became its own country, called the Republic of Texas, from 1836 until it agreed to join the United States in 1845. [451], While American football has long been considered "king" in the state, Texans enjoy a wide variety of sports.[452]. [citation needed], Night-time summer temperatures range from the upper 50s °F (14 °C) in the West Texas mountains to 80 °F (27 °C) in Galveston.[176][177]. Seemingly without actually knowing how they came by it,[according to whom?] Several filibusters raised armies to invade the area west of the Sabine River. The Texas State Board of Public Accountancy adopted an emergency rule revision to Rule 511.57 Qualified Accounting Courses. 7. Pay Tuition and Fees. Important Notices For Examinees . [432] A group of Democratic legislators, the "Texas Eleven", fled the state in a quorum-busting effort to prevent the legislature from acting, but was unsuccessful. Greg Abbott says no lockdown is coming", "Texas, Florida and South Dakota governors refuse lockdowns as coronavirus resurges", "How Big is Texas Compared to Countries Around the World? Office of the Texas State Chemist • 445 Agronomy Road, 2114 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-2114 (979)845 1121 • Toll-free (800)848 1121 • Fax (979)845 1389 • web@otsc.tamu.edu ©2007-2012 Office of the Texas State Chemist During the Johnson Administration the first lady, Lady Bird Johnson, worked to draw attention to Texas wildflowers. Greg Abbott over order to close ballot drop-off locations", "Voting-rights groups sue Texas Gov. A State Convention considering secession opened in Austin on January 28, 1861. This included the Caddoans of Louisiana and Arkansas. [83] The Constitution of the Republic of Texas prohibited the government from restricting slavery or freeing slaves, and required free people of African descent to leave the country. [211] As of 2018, the population increased to 4.9 million foreign-born residents or 17.2% of the state population, up from 2,899,642 in 2000. They have acted as riot police and as detectives, protected the Texas governor, tracked down fugitives, and functioned as a paramilitary force both for the republic and for the state. [330], Since 1980, San Antonio has evolved into "The Tejano Music Capital Of The World". The sun is what they worship most. African Americans of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin numbered at roughly 2.7 million individuals, increasing in 2018 to 3,908,287.[227]. Counties are not granted home rule status; their powers are strictly defined by state law. Hispanics or Latin Americans of any race made up 39.7% of the estimated population. § 9.42 : Texas Statutes—Section 9.42: DEADLY FORCE TO PROTECT PROPERTY", "Football still king, but hoops teams in Texas grab attention", "Texas Longhorns Four-Time Football National Champions Bobblehead Unveiled", "Texas A&M Picked Up Two National Championships, Two Conference Titles Over The Summer", "NATIONAL CHAMPIONS!!! Texas State Self-Service Application Status Check Enter a new application or return to complete an application. At least 11 other states have, too", "U.S. Cities Prepare For Planned ICE Raids", "Race Summary Report, 2016 General Election", "Texas executes 500th person since resuming death penalty", "TEX PE. Get the latest news and information for the Texas State Bobcats. For other uses, see, "Texan" redirects here. German and other West Germanic languages were spoken by 47,098 residents; Russian, Polish, and other Slavic languages by 27,956; Korean by 31,581; Chinese 22,616; Vietnamese 81,022; Tagalog 43,360; and Arabic by 26,281 Texans. [236] The city of Euless, a suburb of Fort Worth, contains a sizable population of Tongan Americans, at nearly 900 people, over one percent of the city's population. [417] This election system has led to some executive branches split between parties and reduced the ability of the governor to carry out a program. The oldest rocks in Texas date from the Mesoproterozoic and are about 1,600 million years old.[162]. The first Texas freeway was the Gulf Freeway opened in 1948 in Houston. Since oil was discovered, the state's economy has reflected the state of the petroleum industry. County government runs similar to a "weak" mayor-council system; the county judge has no veto authority, but votes along with the other commissioners. [195] These cities are spread out amongst the state. [80] After several weeks of retreat, the Texian Army commanded by Sam Houston attacked and defeated Santa Anna's forces at the Battle of San Jacinto. Texas developed a diversified economy and high tech industry in the mid-20th century. In 1845, Texas joined the union as the 28th state. [63] By 1834, the population had grown to about 37,800 people, with only 7,800 of Mexican descent. This makes it the deadliest natural disaster in U.S. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the 39th largest. [461] The Southwestern Exposition and Livestock Show in Fort Worth is the oldest continuously running rodeo incorporating many of the state's most historic traditions into its annual events. [84], While Texas had won its independence, political battles raged between two factions of the new Republic. They were Caddoan, Atakapan, Athabaskan, Coahuiltecan, and Uto-Aztecan. [19] [123] By 1990, Hispanics and Latin Americans overtook blacks to become the largest minority group in the state. The Assemblies of God made the largest Evangelical Pentecostal denomination at the 2014 study. The Texas State Bobcats and the UT Arlington Mavericks compete in the Sun Belt Conference. Four of the state's universities, the Baylor Bears, Texas Longhorns, TCU Horned Frogs, and Texas Tech Red Raiders, compete in the Big 12 Conference. The Uto-Aztecan Puebloan peoples lived neared the Rio Grande in the western portion of the state, the Athabaskan-speaking Apache tribes lived throughout the interior, the Caddoans controlled much of the Red River region and the Atakapans were mostly centered along the Gulf Coast. [459], Texans also enjoy the rodeo. Twice a week we compile our most fascinating features and deliver them straight to you. The state's economic growth has led to urban sprawl and its associated symptoms. Irish Americans make up 8.2 percent of the population and number over 1.9 million. The most common is the school district, but can also include hospital districts, community college districts, and utility districts (one utility district near Austin was the plaintiff in a landmark Supreme Court case involving the Voting Rights Act). The Royal Spanish Academy recognizes both spellings, Tejas and Texas, as Spanish-language forms of the name of the U.S. State of Texas. The Spanish felt jilted after having spent so much time and effort and began trying to lure the Caddo back, even promising them more land. [57] In 1821, the Mexican War of Independence included the Texas territory, which became part of Mexico. This is the login page for the CANVAS learning management system at Texas State University. [100] The Confederacy repulsed all Union attempts to shut down this route,[99] but Texas's role as a supply state was marginalized in mid-1863 after the Union capture of the Mississippi River. Municipal, school district, and special district elections are nonpartisan,[204] though the party affiliation of a candidate may be well-known. New Fees - Effective May 15, 2020 The Texas State Board of Pharmacy has updated its … [123], The 2003 Texas redistricting of Congressional districts led by Republican Tom DeLay, was called by The New York Times "an extreme case of partisan gerrymandering". Texas State Self-Service Application Status Check Enter a new application or return to complete an application. [240] Texas has the fifth highest rate of teenage births in the nation and a plurality of these are to Hispanics.[241]. After refusing to swear an oath of allegiance to the Confederacy, Houston was deposed as governor. [14] The state's annexation set off a chain of events that led to the Mexican–American War in 1846. Archaeologists have found that three major indigenous cultures lived in this territory, and reached their developmental peak before the first European contact. President Polk ordered General Zachary Taylor south to the Rio Grande on January 13, 1846. African Americans are the racial minority in Texas. Texas has led the U.S. in state export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product. On February 1, by a vote of 166–8, the Convention adopted an Ordinance of Secession from the United States. What are called commissioners court and court judges are elected to serve as the administrative arm. While no proof was found as to who the culprit was, those in charge of Texas at the time attempted multiple times to publicly blame and punish the Caddoans for the incidents with the U.S. government trying to keep them in check. [424], In the 1870s, white Democrats wrested power back in the state legislature from the biracial coalition at the end of Reconstruction. [243][244] Creole language is spoken in some parts of East Texas. State Agencies. Native Americans made up 0.5 percent of Texas's population and number over 118,000 individuals as of 2015. Ensuring the Success of Every Bobcat. The Texas Panhandle has an eastern border with Oklahoma at 100° W, a northern border with Oklahoma at 36°30' N and a western border with New Mexico at 103° W. El Paso lies on the state's western tip at 32° N and the Rio Grande. Towns along the way, such as Baxter Springs, the first cow town in Kansas, developed to handle the seasonal workers and tens of thousands of head of cattle being driven. [420], The judiciary of Texas is one of the most complex in the United States, with many layers and overlapping jurisdictions. Texas is also home to more than 187,000 Vietnamese and 136,000 Chinese. Texas joined the newly created Confederate States of America on March 4, 1861 ratifying the permanent C.S. [239] Based on Census Bureau data released in February 2011, for the first time in recent history, Texas's white population is below 50 percent (45 percent) and Hispanics grew to 38 percent. Both were established by the Texas Constitution and hold stakes in the Permanent University Fund. Until the 1970s, the commission controlled the price of petroleum because of its ability to regulate Texas's oil reserves. With 25.1 million people, according to the 2010 U.S. Census, it is the second most populous behind only California. American Varieties . While the Railroad Commission of Texas originally regulated state railroads, in 2005 the state reassigned these duties to TxDOT. [261] Texas has the joint-highest number of Fortune 500 company headquarters in the United States, along with California. Texas's border with Mexico was known as the "backdoor of the Confederacy" because trade occurred at the border, bypassing the Union blockade. Su pronunciación correcta es [téjas], no [téksas]. Contact: Contact the governor. Texas's Senators are John Cornyn and Ted Cruz. [56] Eager for new land, many United States settlers refused to recognize the agreement. [294] The Energy Information Administration states the state's large agriculture and forestry industries could give Texas an enormous amount biomass for use in biofuels. Other fields were later discovered nearby in East Texas, West Texas, and under the Gulf of Mexico. info Learn more about state parks passes. [85] With wide popular support, Texas first applied for annexation to the United States in 1836, but its status as a slaveholding country caused its admission to be controversial and it was initially rebuffed. [384], The state is an important transportation hub. The state has nine medical schools,[370] three dental schools,[371] and two optometry schools. The culture in Texas during the later 19th century exhibited many facets of a frontier territory. [211] In addition to the state's foreign-born population, an additional 4.1 million Texans (15% of the state's population) were born in the United States and had at least one immigrant parent. The anti-slavery, pro-Reconstruction Republicans remained anathema there for decades to come, losing every presidential election but one until 1952. These Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks underlie most of the state, and are exposed in three places: Llano uplift, Van Horn, and the Franklin Mountains, near El Paso. The state created a comprehensive plan for higher education, funded in large part by oil revenues, and a central state apparatus designed to manage state institutions more efficiently. [270], Texas is a "tax donor state"; in 2005, for every dollar Texans paid to the federal government in federal income taxes, the state got back about $0.94 in benefits. While Texas has few natural lakes, Texans have built more than a hundred artificial reservoirs. State Government State Agencies State Government Official Name: Texas. [421] Texas is notable for its use of capital punishment, having led the country in executions since capital punishment was reinstated in the Gregg v. Georgia case (see Capital punishment in Texas). [186] In 2010, there were 2,553 "emission events" which poured 44.6 million pounds (20,200 metric tons) of contaminants into the Texas sky. [186] Causes of the state's vast greenhouse gas emissions include the state's large number of coal power plants and the state's refining and manufacturing industries. Texas state parks passes allow unlimited entry to all 89 state parks for you and guests in your car. [37] Nine years later, shipwrecked Spanish explorer Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and his cohort became the first Europeans in what is now Texas. The test replaced the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS) test in the 2011–2012 school year. Texas has four metropolitan areas with populations greater than a million: Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington, Houston–Sugar Land–The Woodlands, San Antonio–New Braunfels, and Austin–Round Rock–San Marcos. “Size always went with macho,” explained Richard B. McCaslin, a history professor at the University of North Texas. No culture was dominant in the present-day Texas region, and many peoples inhabited the area. [259], As of May 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the state's unemployment rate was 13 percent. [414], Amtrak provides Texas with limited intercity passenger rail service. The most common accent or dialect spoken by natives throughout Texas is sometimes referred to as Texan English, which itself is a sub-variety of a broader category of American English known as Southern American English. A hurricane in 1875 killed about 400 people in Indianola, followed by another hurricane in 1886 that destroyed the town. [47] Two years later, they created San Antonio as the first Spanish civilian settlement in the area. [432] Legal challenges to the redistricting reached the national Supreme Court in the case League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry (2006), but the court ruled in favor of the state (and Republicans). Americans with origins from the Pacific Islands are the smallest minority in Texas. Texas, constituent state of the United States of America. [citation needed], The state is a leader in renewable energy commercialization; it produces the most wind power in the nation. After these decisive victories, the United States invaded Mexican territory, ending the fighting in Texas. [254] Around 146,000 adherents of religions such as Hinduism and Sikhism lived in Texas as of 2004. The largest Catholic jurisdictions in Texas are the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston, the dioceses of Dallas, Fort Worth, and the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Antonio. [24], The English pronunciation with /ks/ is unetymological, and based in the value of the letter x in historical Spanish orthography. Austin, Fort Worth, and El Paso are among the 20 largest U.S. cities. For more details, view the Bobcat Promise webpage. Tropical storms have also caused their share of damage: Allison in 1989 and again during 2001, and Claudette in 1979 among them. They included the Muscogee, Houma Choctaw, Lenape and Mingo Seneca, among others, who all came to view the Caddoans as saviors, making those peoples highly influential. [273] At $7.4 billion or 56.7 percent of Texas's annual agricultural cash receipts, beef cattle production represents the largest single segment of Texas agriculture. Six flags have flown over Texas. Like many states, it explicitly provides for a separation of powers. No Republican presidential candidate has lost the state since 1976. “It’s all part of that pride of Texas—being bigger, stronger, better, faster, richer.” Of course, bigger is not always better: Texas’ adult obesity rate stands at over 30 percent, and it emits more than twice as many greenhouse gases as any other state. Notable extremes range from East Texas which is often considered an extension of the Deep South, to Far West Texas which is generally acknowledged to be part of the interior Southwest. At least one tribe of Coahuiltecans, the Aranama, lived in southern Texas. [235] They total more than 1.2 million individuals. In addition, 37.6 percent of the population was Hispanic or Latino (of any race) (31.6 percent Mexican, 0.9 percent Salvadoran, 0.5 percent Puerto Rican, 0.4 percent Honduran, 0.3 percent Guatemalan 0.3 percent Spaniard, 0.2 percent Colombian, 0.2 percent Cuban). The various flags that have flown over Texas—those of Spain, France, Mexico, the Republic of Texas, the United States and the Confederacy—inspired the name of the Six Flags amusement park chain, which originated in Texas in 1961. In 1990, the Islamic population was about 140,000 with more recent figures putting the current number of Muslims between 350,000 and 400,000 as of 2012. [246] Roughly 30% of the total population spoke Spanish. Blacks of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin made up 11.5 percent of the population in 2015; blacks of non-Hispanic origin form 11.3 percent of the populace. [171], The large size of Texas and its location at the intersection of multiple climate zones gives the state highly variable weather. [98], While far from the major battlefields of the American Civil War, Texas contributed large numbers of men and equipment to the rest of the Confederacy. Native Americans have lived in Texas for thousands of years, but it did not become part of a country in the modern sense until Spanish explorers arrived in 1519. When Europeans arrived in the Texas region, there were several races of Native peoples divided into many smaller tribes. “We got caught flat-footed,” McCaslin said. 3. [38][39] Cabeza de Vaca reported that in 1528, when the Spanish landed in the area, "half the natives died from a disease of the bowels and blamed us. The state's numerous oil tycoons are also a popular pop culture topic as seen in the hit TV series Dallas. Examples of Fortune 500 companies not based on Texas traditional industries are AT&T, Kimberly-Clark, Blockbuster, J. C. Penney, Whole Foods Market, and Tenet Healthcare. [33], By the 1830s, the U.S. had drafted the Indian Removal Act, which was used to facilitate the Trail of Tears. It is the second largest U.S. state by both area (after Alaska) and population (after California). [281] Several petroleum companies are based in Texas such as: Occidental Petroleum,[282] ConocoPhillips,[283] ExxonMobil,[284] Halliburton,[285] Marathon Oil,[286] Tesoro,[287] Valero Energy,[288] and Western Refining. Sugar Land, a city within the Houston metropolitan area, and Plano, within the Dallas–Fort Worth metropolitan area, both have high concentrations of ethnic Chinese and Korean residents. Prospective Students Tell us about yourself and request information about our institution. [443][444][445], Texas has banned sanctuary cities,[446] but Houston Mayor Sylvester Turner has vowed that the city will not assist ICE agents. [82] Santa Anna was captured and forced to sign the Treaties of Velasco, ending the war. Austin's settlers, the Old Three Hundred, made places along the Brazos River in 1822. The State of Texas Official Website. [387] As of 2005, 79,535 miles (127,999 km) of public highway crisscrossed Texas (up from 71,000 miles (114,263 km) in 1984). Texas State University and Universidad Alberto Hurtado (Chile) will create a new credit-bearing, study abroad course for English as a Second Language, undergraduate students. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints is the largest nontrinitarian Christian group in Texas alongside the Jehovah's Witnesses.[250]. While Houston is the largest city in Texas and the fourth-largest city in the United States by population, the Dallas–Fort Worth metropolitan area is larger than the city and metropolitan area of Houston. [251] The following largest groups were the irreligious (18%), nothing in particular (13%), Judaism (1%), Islam (1%), Buddhism (1%) and Hinduism and other religions at less than 1 percent each. German descendants inhabit much of central and southeast-central Texas. Some observers[343] also include the University of Houston and Texas Tech University as tier one flagships alongside UT Austin and A&M. [180], Some of the most destructive hurricanes in U.S. history have impacted Texas. [citation needed], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}31°28′33″N 99°19′52″W / 31.4757°N 99.3312°W / 31.4757; -99.3312 (State of Texas), This article is about the State of Texas. A state convention in 1861 voted 166 to 8 in favor of secession — a measure that was then ratified by a popular vote, making Texas the seventh state … The shoreline shifted again to the eastern margin of the state and the Gulf of Mexico's passive margin began to form. Popular belief, Texas Motor Speedway hosts annual NASCAR Cup series and IndyCar series races. Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and San Antonio to 92,000 Filipinos and 62,000 Koreans there. 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[ 185 ] as an anti-littering advertisement the party briefly split during the 1930s and.... International Airport Division of information Technology it Assistance Center to 14 years beginning... ] when Abraham Lincoln ’ s hypothetical partition still gets kicked around occasionally Mary,. Orogenic crest is today buried beneath the Dallas–Waco–Austin–San Antonio trend Net ID or a guest account 33.... North into what was then Mexico 113 ] in the 114th United States of.... We compile our most fascinating features and deliver them straight to you of secession from the United victories. Have Deep significance in Texas, while the Gulf of Mexico cities or `` home rule.... Education agency ( TEA ) administers the state have increased in size, two-thirds!, Like most of the state 's numerous oil tycoons are also a popular pop culture topic as seen the. Railway systems Austin area is nicknamed the `` Silicon Hills '' and the is texas a state crushed from... Commission of Texas Education agency ( TEA ) administers the state 's economy diversified lessening... Eastern margin of victory compared to Bush at 55 percent of the state 's large size rough! [ 139 ] on April 27, 2020, Abbott refused to enact further lockdowns for troops. Form 2.9 percent of Texas anyway in is texas a state on January 5, 2015 in multiple raids on settlements the of!, line highways throughout Texas final Battle of the state 's bill rights...

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