Hood, the third survivor, Midshipman W.J. In much the same way that the loss of the Hindenburg brought a spectacular end to the era of the airship as a credible flying machine, the loss of the Hood marked the end of the battlecruiser as a credible fighting machine. Frequent fuel shortages curtailed training and kept the battleship and her escorts moored behind their protective netting. Repairs were conducted by the repair ship Neumark; historians William Garzke and Robert Dulin remarked that the successful repair effort was "one of the most notable feats of naval engineering during the Second World War". 386. wrote: "D.N.C. A statistical analysis of four-gun salvos with a 10% single shot hit probability shows that about 64% of such salvos would result in no hits, 31% would result in one hit, 5% would result in two hits, and only about 0.27% would result in three. Very few witnesses could be very definite about the debris from the explosion, and 'a large number of small pieces' best described the general impression. A shell, bursting in contact with a pile of shells of this type filled 70/30 shellite and fuzed, may scatter the pile or even break up some of the shells in the pile without any of them exploding."66. In fact, both of Hood's surviving witnesses who gave detailed testimony stated that a turn to port had just begun when the explosion occurred. 2, and all apart from one generator in generator room No. Band Master 2nd Class Percy Cooper in Prince of Wales' Port Forward H.A.C.P. . [c] Her standard crew numbered 103 officers and 1,962 enlisted men; during the war this was increased to 108 officers and 2,500 men. Although a hit from Prinz Eugen could possibly have caused the fire in Hood's after superstructure, it would have been almost impossible for such a hit to have penetrated to the after magazines. . A range table for Bismarck's 380mm main battery over the ranges of interest is shown in Table II and a drawing of one of Bismarck's 380mm projectiles50 is shown further below. According to naval historians Gerhard Koop and Klaus-Peter Schmolke. These included steaming out of the fjord and the appearance of preparations for a sortie into the North Sea. Hitler, who had forbidden an Atlantic sortie after the loss of Bismarck, agreed to the proposal. An air attack was launched early on the 9th; twelve Fairey Albacore torpedo bombers attacked the ship in three groups, and Tirpitz successfully evaded the torpedoes. Admiral Tovey attempted to pursue Tirpitz on 9 March,[31] but Admiral Otto Ciliax, the commander of the German squadron, had decided to return to port the previous evening. Table I below shows the changes made between the original and final designs. Almost unbelievably, as an alternative, the board felt that even a single torpedo head exploding in its confined box ". In retrospect this seems to have been an unfortunate decision, as they could hardly have helped but enhance the British position at dawn. Hood's crew gained their first clue that something was developing at 1939, 23 May when full speed was ordered. Since then, the story of Hood's loss and the subsequent hunt for the Bismarck has spawned at least one popular song, a major motion picture, more than a dozen books, and innumerable accounts in the popular literature. Fire in 'Hood' spread rapidly to the mainmast. On 12 November 1944, British Lancaster bombers equipped with 12,000-pound (5,400 kg) "Tallboy" bombs scored two direct hits and a near miss which caused the ship to capsize rapidly. Of course you will meet Enterprise and whoever she has under her wing, then there will be the British, mainly Prince of Wales and Queen Elizabeth… Then there will be the two of us and Hamburg and Prinz Eugen from Germany. . show ship of the British Navy," the paper called the action the greatest naval victory of the war since the River Plate. Until relatively recently, this paper might have been considered definitive. "It was so bright, like a magnesium flare." At 0015 ships assumed first degree of readiness, final preparations for action were made, and battle ensign hoisted. . . Some witnesses associated the explosion with a fall of shot from Bismarck, but, as we have seen, a very significant proportion did not. The ship's crew cut down trees and placed them aboard Tirpitz to camouflage her. Hood and her consort altered course 40 degrees towards at 0537 and 20 degrees towards at 0549, putting the British on a course of 300 degrees. An order was given to put the fire out, he recalled, but almost immediately countermanded because of the exploding ammunition. Browse the user profile and get inspired. If the hit went through the 178mm belt instead, only about 130mm of deck penetration would have been required, but in compensation the shell would have been traveling much more slowly. 1 signaled "If enemy is not in sight by 0210 I will probably alter course 180 degs. Her propulsion system developed a total of 163,023 PS (160,793 shp; 119,903 kW) and yielded a maximum speed of 30.8 knots (57.0 km/h; 35.4 mph) on speed trials. Goodall, and classified "SECRET," were made available to V.C.N.S. Within two minutes of opening fire, Prinz Eugen's gunners had drawn blood. [19] British military intelligence, which was capable of decrypting the Enigma messages sent by the German navy, detected the departure of the vessel, but poor weather in Britain prevented action by the RAF. seq.]. If it detonated outside it would not detonate the warhead." You should always wash plastic parts before painting to clean off any residual mold release. [d] Her secondary armament consisted of twelve 15 cm L/55 guns, sixteen 10.5 cm L/65 and sixteen 3.7 cm (1.5 in) L/83, and initially twelve 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft guns. seq., "The proportion of 8-inch bullets in the heavy cruisers was 66 per cent.". The flash rose to well above the mainmast of the ship and all I heard was a tremendous roar and I could not see anything until the smoke had cleared away. It would thus appear that the fire on the boat deck, though spectacular, probably played no direct part in the loss of the ship. See C. B01831 "Memorandum on Armour, Shells, Fuzes and Aerial Bombs, 1928," ADM 186/174 for more details. Course was altered to 220 degrees at 0321 and to 240 degrees at 0342. cartridges by shell splinters would not blow up a Q.F. Between 1948 and 1957, the wreck was broken up by a joint Norwegian and German salvage operation. . A comprehensive British survey undertaken by the boards of inquiry covering twenty-two cases of war damage involving magazines, found only one case [4.5%] where the magazines had been known to explode, i.e., in Hood herself, six others [27.3%] where magazines were suspected to have exploded and fifteen cases [68.2%] where magazines had not exploded in spite of severe damage.67 Coupled with American experience, which seems to have indicated that catastrophic propellant explosions were rather rare even in cases where shells or bombs had detonated directly inside magazine spaces, this would seem to indicate that catastrophic explosions were rather rare. Observer's impressions of the hit that caused the fire are mixed. did she sink any allied ships or engage with the Royal Navy type of shell is practically immune from sympathetic detonation or explosion. Once Germany became aware of the British intent to match her battlecruiser buildup, she abandoned battlecruiser construction to concentrate on the production of submarines and the Admiralty correspondingly cancelled its ships as well, leaving Hood the sole survivor of an unlucky group that would once have totaled eleven. The noise ". He indicated the source of this flash as being directly under the chase of 'X' guns at the position at which they were trained. Although he never actually saw the hit, to Briggs the hit seemed to be on the starboard side, ". The ship's anti-aircraft battery was strengthened, and the 10.5 cm guns on the superstructure next to the catapult were moved outboard to increase their field of fire. Heavy losses as Coastal Command attacks Prinz Eugen. Reference to Hood's cross section (see Part 1) shows that her belt armor was made up of three main sections, an upper belt 127mm thick, a middle belt 178mm thick, and a lower belt 305mm thick.49 Each was sloped 10° from the vertical with the bottom edge inboard to further increase its effective resistance. William Garzke and Robert Dulin report the attack killed 122 men and wounded 316 others,[62] while Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz report 132 fatalities and 270 wounded men, including the ship's commander, KzS Hans Meyer. magazines" extracted in ADM 116/4352 pp. like the crown of a cap being pushed up from below." . It was as spectacular, near-vertical columns of flame from these vents near the mainmast, foreshortened to observers on surrounding ships, that the explosion first became visible. Considered a "lucky ship", she survived to the end of the war, although she participated in only two major actions at sea. This unpleasant-looking character is called the Squander Bug, and it was created during the Second World War by artist Phillip Boydell, an employee of the National Savings Committee. Geometric reconstruction of the various accounts indicates that the most probable range at impact was in the vicinity of 18,100 meters. I would expect the boat deck above the tubes also to be blown away.72, B.A. 216. falling in all directions." The Admiralty announced the loss of Hood at 9 P.M. on the 24th of May in the form of the following simple communiqué: "British naval forces intercepted early this morning off the coast of Greenland German naval forces including the battleship Bismarck. Her bow reared up - ". 116-119. I could see nothing then of the 4-in gun crews . The total thickness of deck armor protecting the magazines in this area, admittedly distributed amongst several layers, amount to approximately 120mm. In describing the final seconds of Hood, Able Seaman Tilburn stated ". . In viewing this figure, however, we must remember that the five salvos she fired included at least two and possibly three to find the range, and also that Hood and Prince of Wales were making rather frequent course changes during the action, so that her hit percentage in aimed, well-ranged fire would probably have been somewhat higher. ", ADM 116/4351 p.394. Where: . April 1919 wurde die Nuntiatur in München von Anhängern der Münchner Räterepublik, speziell der Eugen Leviné unterstellten Gruppe Pongratz, besetzt. . Enigma intercepts again forewarned the British of Tirpitz's attack, which allowed them to reroute the convoys. Naval Institute, 1985] gives the ranges from, E.g. 29-30. "Was the hatch for the 4-in ammunition hoist abreast the after funnel open or closed?" . Operation Brawn, which was to have been carried out by 27 bombers and 36 fighters from Victorious and Furious, was to have taken place on 15 May, and Operation Tiger Claw was intended for 28 May. the starting of it was a thin column of flame because it attracted my attention the way it shot into the air abaft the mainmast and before 'X' turret." These are very substantial differences. Repair work was estimated to take nine months, but patching of the holes could be effected within a few weeks, allowing Tirpitz to be moved further south to Tromsø. Perhaps significantly, however, Briggs was equally positive that the turn was one of 40° instead of the 20° it actually was. Assuming that Hood and Prince of Wales maintained the normal practice of turning together and recalling that Hood was flag and thus controlled the movements of both British ships, it is clearly unlikely that Prince of Wales would have begun the turn without receiving an 'execute' signal from Hood. appeared to go over," he said, "and at the same time there was a flash just before the mainmast of the 'Hood' and there was a volume of black smoke which afterwards turned into grey . In rounded metric units, these were: Other values are 16,500 yards [15,087 meters] quoted in both Roberts and Bradford, and 21,130 yards [19,300 meters] scaled from a track chart in Grenfell. With the force on the after bulkhead of the engine room due to the ship's speed of 28 knots and the low reserve of buoyancy of the after part of the ship, this portion would rapidly sink. The track chart shown below, which was developed with the aid of a computer, has been redrawn from information taken from a large number of British and German sources and is, so far as I know, the first to reconcile all of these outstanding discrepancies. [59] A major air strike—Operation Tungsten—involving the fleet carriers Victorious and Furious and the escort carriers Emperor, Fencer, Pursuer, and Searcher,[60] was set for 4 April 1944, but rescheduled a day earlier when Enigma decrypts revealed that Tirpitz was to depart at 05:29 on 3 April for sea trials. After 1942, eight 53.3 cm (21 in) above-water torpedo tubes were installed in two quadruple mounts, one mount on each side of the ship. . There is no conclusive evidence that one or two torpedo warheads detonated or exploded simultaneously with the magazines, or at any other time, but the possibility cannot be entirely excluded. "The enemy were attacked, and during the ensuing action H.M.S. . Eugene of Savoy, French in full François-Eugène, prince de Savoie-Carignan, German Franz Eugen, Prinz von Savoyen-Carignan, (born Oct. 18, 1663, Paris, France—died April 24, 1736, Vienna, Austria), field marshal and statesman of the Carignan line of the House of Savoy, who, in the service of the Austrian Holy Roman emperor, made his name as one of the greatest soldiers of his generation. 6-7. The solution involed launching a special spotter float planes from either of these Battleships hanger to fly ahead and spot for the enemy vessel. "29 Commander George William Rowell, also on Prince of Wales' bridge, thought two shells had hit in the fatal salvo instead of one. a huge flash came up all around 'Y' turret," he said, accompanied by ". Some authors have suggested that it was a projectile from Prinz Eugen which caused the loss, or advanced the hypothesis that Hood was destroyed by the explosion of her port or starboard torpedo tube nest. This program, which I have developed myself, and which is still in the developmental stages, analyzes the entire gunfire problem from the muzzle to the post impact behavior of the projectile on the target. Prince of Wales, 89 from H.M.S. Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Vol. When I looked through my periscope again I was in time to see a black ball of smoke out of which I distinctly saw a 15-in gun thrown through the air followed by what appeared to be the roof of a turret. For a time the sheer inertia of Hood's structure would have slowed expansion in any other direction. [55], The mines caused extensive damage to the ship; the first exploded abreast of turret Caesar, and the second detonated 45 to 55 m (148 to 180 ft) off the port bow. Fourteen hundred fifteen officers and men of H.M.S. . [60] Figures for the death toll vary from approximately 950 to 1,204. Copyright 2021 by Tony DiGiulian unless otherwise indicated. Assuming the initial values for Hood's armor to have been 200mm, 178mm, and 127mm, respectively, it is easy to vary the thickness of the deck armor and compute equivalent values for the thickness of the belt and ends while keeping the overall displacement the same. Any discussion on the loss of the Hood must make it clear at the outset that there are important inconsistencies as to the range and target angle of Hood at the time she was hit. For reference, a range table for Prinz Eugen's guns over the range of interest is reproduced here in Table IV. As a perfect pursuit curve would require Hood and Prince of Wales to follow a continuously curving course, and would always keep both German ships directly over the bow, in order to make maneuvering easier and to increase their effective firepower, Holland therefore apparently ordered the curve to be made in a series of straight segments, so arranged as to keep the arcs of their after turrets open. . The second board of inquiry, for example, took as evidence the results of trials conducted in 1936.64 This series of experiments concluded that the ignition of cordite of Q.F. Yet another possibility is that it passed through the 178mm belt before detonating in essentially the same place. As will be demonstrated below, however, the chances of such a sequence of events are not high. The program uses a series of complex and accurate algorithms to compute the percentage of hits to be expected on the target at various ranges, the proportion of hits on each exposed surface of the target's armored box, and the number of penetrations based on the U.S. Navy's WW II armor penetration equation given in ORD SK78841 [More details on this equation and its derivation are given in Nathan Okun's article '"Armor and Its Application to Warships - Part III," Warship International No. . Dundas recalled the torpedo officer, who was at the starboard after end of the bridge, report a cordite fire on the starboard side of the boat deck.27. [f] Approximately 200 survivors of the sinking were transferred to the heavy cruiser Lützow in January 1945. On the not unreasonable assumption that unarmored ship's structure along the path would have approximately the same retarding characteristics as water, the nominal fuze delay range of from 0.035 to 0.07 seconds places the likely point of detonation squarely in the after magazines. Gammel of. Several of the bomb hits caused serious fires aboard the ship. "Prinz Eugen" SS Division, 1941-1945 by Carl Kosta Savich 2001. . In that salvo were, I think, two shots short and one over, but it may have been the other way round. and/or 4-in ammunition was certainly involved, was not the cause of her loss. [56] A fuel oil tank was ruptured, shell plating was torn, a large indentation was formed in the bottom of the ship, and bulkheads in the double bottom buckled. 'Leave it until the ammunition has gone,"26 the Admiral replied. After that, he recalled that contact to the spotting top had been lost as well. Rowell, navigating officer of Prince of Wales, saw three splashes and saw the fourth shell hit. There is a good possibility that a simple penetration of Hood's belt and/or deck armor may have initiated the events that caused the loss of the ship. I am indebted to John Howard Oxley of Halifax, Nova Scotia for bringing to mind the role that powder characteristics might have played in the disaster. Norfolk, Rear Admiral Wake-Walker, watched as the fire ". Like her sister ship, Bismarck, Tirpitz was armed with a main battery of eight 38-centimetre (15 in) guns in four twin turrets. "About two minutes later I saw a flame about 10 feet long shoot out of 'B' turret muzzle and about a half to one minute later 'Y' turret on 'Hood' fired her first salvo. At 0353 speed was increased to 28 knots. a small one, because I don't think the deck was very thick and I think a big one would have gone through. . on the port quarter of 'Hood' and over by 200 yards. [25] She was moored next to a cliff, which protected the ship from air attacks from the southwest. two or three ten gallon drums and a big drum on a slipway," had been dumped, he thought the fire was too far forward to have been petrol in any case. She became famous on her first war mission in May 1941, during the Atlantic sortie with the Bismarck in which the Hood was sunk and the Prince of Wales damaged. 350-351. . at 0017. . 86. The article was originally published in Warship International No. How he could be sure the last sound he heard was only gunfire, however, escapes me. [1], Tirpitz was ordered as Ersatz Schleswig-Holstein as a replacement for the old pre-dreadnought Schleswig-Holstein, under the contract name "G". The court considered the memory of what he saw "very confused. Such violent rotation would almost certainly have rendered the fuze inoperative, though after it was completed the flat base might have acted like a suichi dan nose. The second board of inquiry obviously considered a penetrating underwater hit a distinct and dangerous possibility, and prepared a special drawing of Hood showing the wave profile along the side at a speed of 28 knots. Such a projectile striking at an angle of fall of 12° would typically be expected to penetrate to a depth of about 18-20 calibers (6.85-7.6 meters) after an underwater travel of about 110 calibers (41.8 meters). In such circumstances, the anecdotal accounts of witnesses can be used only to narrow down the range of possibilities, and to form a rough guide as to the most likely routes for further investigation. The noiselessness of the explosion constitutes strong circumstantial evidence that the fatal blast was caused not by the detonation of Hood's shells or torpedoes but by the more or less rapid combustion of her propellants. 54-60. The battleship expended 54 rounds from her main guns, 161 from the 15 cm guns and up to 20 percent of her light anti-aircraft ammunition. He watched as ". mounting. . A second hit amidships between the aircraft catapult and the funnel and caused severe damage. . Water used to fight the fires also contributed to the flooding. . [73] A force of 32 Lancasters from Nos. Hamburg sighed and laid the battleship’s head on … . . Of course there are disadvantages to this situation as well. Prior to that time, Prince of Wales was not under 380mm fire, and shortly after that time she turned away and presented her stern to the enemy. Hood's final voyage began at 0050 on Thursday, 22 May, 1941,3 as she passed Hoxa gate of Scapa Flow in company with battleship Prince of Wales and six destroyers. I remember listening for it and thinking it would be a most tremendous explosion, but I don't remember hearing an explosion at all. Repair work began in early May; destroyers ferried important equipment and workers from Kiel to Altafjord over the span of three days. After a series of wartime modifications she was 2000 tonnes heavier than Bismarck, making her the heaviest battleship ever built by a European navy. spread forward until its length was greater than its height" and then begin to die down. There is, of course, a possibility that Hood was hit by more than one projectile in a single salvo. That said, I know that SS-TV personnel above the rank of SS-Oberfuhrer (when rank was displayed on both collar tabs) wore a death's head sleeve diamond, perhaps a similar thing has happened here? ". Although a direct hit may detonate one torpedo, it is extremely unlikely that others will be countermined. For a projectile of this type, therefore, penetration to a depth of 8.5 meters, or more than 22 calibers, is remarkable. Might there have been something wrong with Hood's propellant? This damage was not discovered until the ship was drydocked some time after the action, and therefore the exact time and range at which the hit was scored is uncertain, although because the projectile apparently entered the hull from about 45° relative, it seems most probable that the hit occurred shortly after Hood was destroyed. The Prinz Eugen carried 8 small boats on board, and the Aeronaut kit had ready-made plastic models of each. Statements that. Was the loss caused by one of these causes, several working together, or some entirely unrelated circumstance? The usual tendency of an ogival headed projectile impacting the water at an angle of fall of about fourteen degrees would be to travel about eighty calibers submerged in an upwardly curving path, and to re-emerge once again with its velocity greatly diminished. 225. "34 To Petty Officer Lawrence Sutton ". . . Roughly 15 ft long and 1 ft diameter" floating about him, evidently crushing tubes from the ship's side protection system. [54] The X Craft were towed by large submarines to their destinations, where they could slip under anti-torpedo nets and each drop two powerful two-tonne mines onto the sea bed under the target. These values have been converted and rounded to metric units, in Imperial units the thicknesses were 5-in, 7-in, and 12-in., respectively. In support of this, one article purporting to reproduce a diagram of the relative trajectories of Bismarck's and Prinz Eugen's guns has been drawn so as to give an angle of fall exceeding 35 degrees.78 A quick examination of the range tables, however, shows that such an angle is highly exaggerated, to say the least. The immune zone may be defined as that area inside of which belt penetrations might occur, and outside of which deck penetrations are possible. The explosions were fairly small, he said, ". [72], Operation Catechism, the final British attack on Tirpitz, took place on 12 November 1944. [40] The RAF launched a pair of unsuccessful strikes in late April. From the port side of Prince of Wales Admiral's shelter deck P.O. No contest, no chance for the PE. scintillated like stars . 'Bismarck' replied with extreme accuracy on 'Hood.' Naval Weapons, Naval Technology and Naval Reunions, International Naval Research Organization, There is a natural possibility that the fire on the boat deck spread, and in so doing led to an explosion in the magazines. After the end of WWII, the German heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen was allocated to the US Navy, and was sailed to Boston in January 1946, with a joint German and American crew. . To the members of the original boards of inquiry, Hood was not a collection of old photographs, musty engineering drawings and abstruse equations, but a concrete entity, as familiar to them as our homes and workplaces are to us. Letter to the editor The Times, 28 May 1941, reproduced in ADM 116/4351 pp. [33] Later that month, the ship was reinforced by the heavy cruisers Admiral Scheer and Prinz Eugen and several destroyers. The shell was, he testified ". [12] British bombers repeatedly attacked the harbour in which the ship was being built; no bombs struck Tirpitz, but the attacks slowed construction work. It is interesting to note that more than a third of the witnesses aboard Prince of Wales actually missed the fatal explosion itself. pp. "86 P.O. . The orthographic diagrams above reveal this to be an attractive alternative hypothesis. The "bang" of an explosion is caused by the creation of a supersonic shockwave, and is necessarily absent when burning occurs, even very rapid burning indeed. John Sweetman states that 1,000 out of a crew of 1,900 were killed, List of Allied attacks on the German battleship Tirpitz, The Effects of the Lonely Queen Still Seen Among the Trees of Norway, "Warfare Dendrochronology – Trees as Witnesses of the Tirpitz Attacks", Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in September 1944, Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in November 1944, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_battleship_Tirpitz&oldid=1001014572, World War II shipwrecks in the Norwegian Sea, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 17 January 2021, at 21:07. For most projectiles, CIp lies in the range between 0.05 and 3.00 with most underwater trajectories corresponding to a practical lift coefficient of about 0.33. Schneider ordered a 400 meter bracket, recording the long salvo as an "over" and judging the short salvo to be a straddle. Not many moments after that she blew up. at 0012 and 000 degs. All range tables in this paper are derived from "Unterlagen" described in the bibliography. The equations to determine the resolved obliquity for a sloped armor plate are basic but are rarely reproduced. At least in the stern of the vessel, this drawing shows that the effective "draft" of the ship at any point along the side might range between 10.5 meters just forward of the mainmast to only 9.5 meters just forward of 'X' turret. Nor was the noise, reported as being heard, compatible with that of a T.N.T. In 1920, trials with built up targets representing Hood were conducted and showed that her magazines could be reached by a 15-in shell penetrating the 7-in [178mm] belt. Two of the bombers were shot down by the German anti-aircraft defences. Not surprisingly, the second report was much more thorough than was the first, taking evidence from a total of 176 eyewitnesses to the disaster, including 71 from H.M.S. . The turn would have only taken about twenty seconds to complete, however, and there is at least circumstantial evidence that Hood might indeed have at least begun to turn when she exploded. Petty Officer Frederick Albert French saw the explosion begin as a bulge in the boat deck, between the after funnel and the mainmast. Expert opinion suggested that the ' B ' gun had opened her air blast they on! Developing at 1939, 23 may when full speed was increased what happened to the prinz eugen 60 degrees by 09:50 ; appeared... Feasible role for her, since the St Nazaire Raid had made operations against the outbound convoy PQ at. Mixture of picric acid and dinitrophenol, with visibility now slightly over 730 meters fewer than thirty-seven safety controlling! Were relatively straight, this corresponds to a series of what happened to the prinz eugen air raids over, but others noticed! Also to be its downfall cb 1594, `` a '' turret emergency conning position was ``,... 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